CAMERA OBSCURA
Latin for "dark chamber"

APERTURE
An opening.
In photography, the size of the aperture is increased/decreased.

SHUTTER SPEED
The length of time the aperture is open.

ISO
The sensitivity of the camera's sensor.
Bright setting = ISO can be low
Dark setting = ISO must be high

Bright setting = ISO can be low
Dark setting = ISO must be high

Measuring light in the scene you are photographing.